ATmega644PA datasheet(175/468 Pages) ATMEL

175 / 468 page

175

8152G–AVR–11/09

ATmega164PA/324PA/644PA/1284P

UCSRnA Register. When using synchronous mode (UMSELn = 1), the Data Direction Register

for the XCKn pin (DDR_XCKn) controls whether the clock source is internal (Master mode) or

external (Slave mode). The XCKn pin is only active when using synchronous mode.

Figure 18-2 shows a block diagram of the clock generation logic.

Figure 18-2. Clock Generation Logic, Block Diagram

Signal description:

txclk

Transmitter clock (Internal Signal).

rxclk

Receiver base clock (Internal Signal).

xcki

Input from XCK pin (internal Signal). Used for synchronous slave

operation.

xcko

Clock output to XCK pin (Internal Signal). Used for synchronous master

operation.

OSC

XTAL pin frequency (System Clock).

18.4.1

Internal Clock Generation – The Baud Rate Generator

Internal clock generation is used for the asynchronous and the synchronous master modes of

operation. The description in this section refers to Figure 18-2 on page 175.

The USART Baud Rate Register (UBRRn) and the down-counter connected to it function as a

programmable prescaler or baud rate generator. The down-counter, running at system clock

osc), is loaded with the UBRRn value each time the counter has counted down to zero or when

the UBRRLn Register is written. A clock is generated each time the counter reaches zero. This

clock is the baud rate generator clock output (= f

osc/(UBRRn+1)). The Transmitter divides the

baud rate generator clock output by 2, 8 or 16 depending on mode. The baud rate generator out-

put is used directly by the Receiver’s clock and data recovery units. However, the recovery units

use a state machine that uses 2, 8 or 16 states depending on mode set by the state of the

UMSELn, U2Xn and DDR_XCKn bits.

Table 18-1 on page 176 contains equations for calculating the baud rate (in bits per second) and

for calculating the UBRRn value for each mode of operation using an internally generated clock

source.

Note:

1. The baud rate is defined to be the transfer rate in bit per second (bps)

BAUD

Baud rate (in bits per second, bps)

Prescaling

Down-Counter

UBRR

fosc

UBRR+1

Sync

OSC

XCK

txclk

U2X

UMSEL

DDR_XCK

xcki

xcko

DDR_XCK

rxclk

Edge

Detector

UCPOL

ATmega644PA Datasheet(PDF) 175 Page - ATMEL Corporation

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