8

Alkaline-Manganese Dioxide

MN1300

D

1.5

15.000

10

0.304

0.138

3.440

0.056

59.2

130

5.2

322

MN1400

C

1.5

7.800

20

0.143

0.065

1.640

0.027

65.5

144

5.7

347

MN1500

AA

1.5

2.850

43

0.052

0.024

0.510

0.008

65.8

143

6.7

428

MN2400

AAA

1.5

1.150

75

0.024

0.011

0.230

0.004

57.5

126

6.0

345

MN9100

N

1.5

0.800

100

0.021

0.010

0.210

0.003

45.7

96

4.6

320

7K67

J

6.0

0.580

340

0.075

0.034

0.960

0.016

37.2

82

2.9

174

MN908

Lantern

6.0

11.500

15

1.349

0.612

30.620

0.502

40.9

90

1.8

110

MN918

Lantern

6.0

24.000

9

2.800

1.270

75.880

1.243

41.1

91

1.5

93

MN1604

9V

9.0

0.580

620

0.101

0.046

1.390

0.023

41.4

91

3.0

182

PRODUCT

NOMINAL

RATED

TYPICAL GRAVIMETRIC

TYPICAL VOLUMETRIC

NUMBER

SIZE

VOLTAGE

CAPACITY*

LOAD

WEIGHT

VOLUME

ENERGY DENSITY**

ENERGY DENSITY

cubic

watt-hours

watt-hours

watt hours

watt hours

volts

ampere-hours

ohms

pounds

kilograms

inches

liters

per pound

per kilogram

per cubic inch

per liter

5.5 Internal Resistance

5.6 Energy Density

Performance Characteristics (cont.)

performance of alkaline and regular zinc-carbon cells

is compared in Figure 9, showing the “D” size cell at

70°F (21°C) and 32°F (0°C). Figure 9a shows “AA”

cell performance under the same conditions. The alka-

line cell will maintain a higher voltage for considerably

longer than the regular zinc-carbon cell, resulting in a

service life at lower temperatures which is up to ten

times that of the regular zinc-carbon cell.

Alkaline cells, because of their compact construc-

tion and highly conductive electrolyte, have low internal

resistance, usually less than 1 ohm. The low internal

resistance characteristic is a benefit in applications

involving high current pulses. Unlike regular zinc-carbon

cells, alkaline cells do not require rest periods between

pulses and maintain their low internal resistance,

increasing only at the very end of useful life.

Energy density is a measure of available energy

in terms of weight and volume. It is the ratio of a cell’s

capacity to either its volume or weight and can be used

to evaluate a cell’s performance.

Table 1 is a summary of the major alkaline

product types comparing both volumetric energy density

and gravimetric energy density. Volumetric energy density

is an important factor where battery size is the primary

design consideration. Gravimetric energy density becomes

important where weight of the battery is critical, such as

in portable computers and cellular phones. The values

shown in this table are typical for each cell size. Actual

energy output will vary, dependent mostly on drain rates

applied.

*

TO 0.8V per cell at 21°C (70°F).

** Based on 1.2 volt average operating voltage per cell at 21°C (70°F).

To determine the practical energy density of a

cell under specific conditions of load and temperature,

multiply the ampere-hour capacity that the cell delivers

under those conditions by the average discharge volt-

age, and divide by cell volume or weight.

Gravimetric Energy Density:

(Drain in Amperes x Service Hours)

x Average Discharge Voltage

=

Watt-Hours

Weight of cell in Pounds or Kilograms

Pound or

Kilogram

Volumetric Energy Density:

(Drain in Amperes x Service Hours)

x Average Discharge Voltage

=

Watt-Hours

Volume of cell in Cubic Inches or Liters

cubic Inch

or Liter