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9.2.2.2 PWM Output (Analog Write)

Preparation:

FireBeetle 2 ESP32-E (https://www.dfrobot.com/product-2195.html) (SKU: DFR0654) ×1

What is PWM?

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is a very effective technique to control analog circuits using the digital output of MCU. It is widely used in

many fields such as lighting control, motor speed control, measurement, communication, power control and conversion.

The PWM controller of ESP32 has 16 independent channels, which can be configured to generate PWM signals with different properties. All

pins that can be used as outputs can serve as PWM pins (GPIO 34 to 39 cannot generate PWM).

In the Arduino IDE, PWM output is defined as analog output. When using Arduino for PWM LED dimming, you should follow the steps below:

. First, select a PWM channel. There are 16 channels from 0 to 15.

. Then, set the PWM signal frequency. For LEDs, a frequency of 5000 Hz is suitable.

. Set the duty cycle resolution of the signal, ranging from 1 to 16 bits. Here an 8-bit resolution is used. And we can use the value between

0 and 255 (2 to the power of 8) to control the LED brightness.

The sample code below will demonstrate how to drive the onboard LED using PWM to display a breathing light effect. No external hardware

connection is required for this example.

Sample Code:

Function: Drive the onboard LED using PWM to display a breathing light effect.

DFR0654 Datasheet(PDF) 32 Page - DFROBOT