AT90PWM2 datasheet(195/365 Pages) ATMEL

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AT90PWM2/3

4317B–AVR–02/05

Table 75 contains equations for calculating the baud rate (in bits per second) and for

calculating the UBRR value for each mode of operation using an internally generated

clock source.

Note:

1. The baud rate is defined to be the transfer rate in bit per second (bps)

BAUD Baud rate (in bits per second, bps).

fclk

System I/O Clock frequency.

UBRR Contents of the UBRRH and UBRRL Registers, (0-4095).

Some examples of UBRR values for some system clock frequencies are found in Table

83 (see page 217).

Double Speed Operation

(U2X)

The transfer rate can be doubled by setting the U2X bit in UCSRA. Setting this bit only

has effect for the asynchronous operation. Set this bit to zero when using synchronous

operation.

Setting this bit will reduce the divisor of the baud rate divider from 16 to 8, effectively

doubling the transfer rate for asynchronous communication. Note however that the

Receiver will in this case only use half the number of samples (reduced from 16 to 8) for

data sampling and clock recovery, and therefore a more accurate baud rate setting and

system clock are required when this mode is used. For the Transmitter, there are no

downsides.

External Clock

External clocking is used by the synchronous slave modes of operation. The description

in this section refers to Figure 99 for details.

External clock input from the XCK pin is sampled by a synchronization register to mini-

mize the chance of meta-stability. The output from the synchronization register must

then pass through an edge detector before it can be used by the Transmitter and

Receiver. This process introduces a two CPU clock period delay and therefore the max-

imum external XCK clock frequency is limited by the following equation:

Note that

fclk

io depends on the stability of the system clock source. It is therefore recom-

mended to add some margin to avoid possible loss of data due to frequency variations.

Table 75. Equations for Calculating Baud Rate Register Setting

Operating Mode

Equation for Calculating

Baud Rate

(1)

Equation for Calculating

UBRR Value

Asynchronous Normal

mode (U2X = 0)

Asynchronous Double

Speed mode (U2X = 1)

Synchronous Master

mode

BAUD

CLKio

16 UBRRn

()

------------------------------------------

UBRRn

CLKio

16BAUD

------------------------

–

BAUD

CLKio

8 UBRRn

()

---------------------------------------

UBRRn

CLKio

8BAUD

--------------------

–

BAUD

CLKio

2 UBRRn

()

---------------------------------------

UBRRn

CLKio

2BAUD

--------------------

–

XCKn

CLKio

----------------

AT90PWM2 Datasheet(PDF) 195 Page - ATMEL Corporation

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